Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) is a specialized fire suppression agent designed to combat flammable liquid fires.
Developed in the mid-20th century, AFFF represents an advanced solution in firefighting technology, particularly valued in aviation and industrial settings where rapid fire control is necessary.
This foam concentrate is mixed with water and aerated to create an effective firefighting solution that forms a thin aqueous film on the surface of flammable liquids.

The unique properties of AFFF stem from its carefully formulated composition, which typically includes:
- Water as the primary component
- Fluorinated surfactants
- Hydrocarbon surfactants
These components work together to create a foam that spreads quickly over the surface of flammable liquids, forming a barrier between the fuel and oxygen.
This mechanism effectively suppresses combustion by isolating the fuel source from the air, preventing further ignition and spread of the fire.
The film-forming ability of AFFF makes it particularly effective in scenarios involving liquid fuel fires, where traditional water-based methods may be ineffective or even dangerous.
Where AFFF Chemicals Were Discovered
These “forever chemicals” persist in the environment and pose potential health risks to both military personnel and surrounding communities.
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) has conducted extensive research to map and quantify the extent of PFAS contamination at military sites across the United States.

The EWG’s findings reveal the alarming scope of PFAS contamination:
- 455 military installations have confirmed PFAS detections in drinking water and groundwater
- The Department of Defense identified 401 sites on active and former military bases with PFAS compounds
- The primary pathway for PFAS contamination at these military bases is through the use and spillage of AFFF during training exercises and actual firefighting incidents.
Once released, these chemicals seep into the ground and contaminate water sources.
The main PFAS compounds of concern are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which were key components of the AFFF used in military operations.






